滚刀加工中螺纹链挂轮的实用计算方法
铲齿和铲磨齿是滚刀加工中的两道主要工序,两道工序均在铲齿车床上进行。所用铲齿车床通常是丝杆导程为<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7mm</FONT>的<FONT face="Times New Roman">C8955</FONT>等型号。文献[<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>]、[<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>]介绍了使用中如何计算滚刀的螺纹链挂轮,鉴于文献[<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>]在原理阐释上存在错误,而文献[<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>]又未给出实用方法,为此笔者提出一些具体方案供操作者参考。<P align=left> <STRONG><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>.挂轮计算的基本方法</STRONG></P>
<P align=left><STRONG> </STRONG>首先求出所需的传动比<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>,并用近似分数值来表示,再将分子、分母分解成机床所具备的挂轮。此时常用公式如下:</P>
<P align=left><EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>nP</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>∶<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>) (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left><EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>nP</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">203</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>∶<FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>) (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left>式中 <EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT></EM>——滚刀头数<BR> <FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>——滚刀轴向齿距<BR> 实际计算时存在下列问题:<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)为将<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>用分数表示,需进行因式分解等运算,计算者必须备有《挂轮选用表》等资料。<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)有时计算所得挂轮机床并不具备,而更换一组挂轮又达不到精度要求。这样为求一副合适的挂轮,往往要耗费很长时间。<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)求得的传动比<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>在表中查不到相应的分数值,而用邻近的分数值替代又达不到精度要求。<BR> 笔者在下面提出一些实用方法。</P>
<P align=left><STRONG> <FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>.铲齿工序的螺纹链挂轮计算</STRONG></P>
<P align=left> 该工序为滚刀加工的中间工序(精加工工序),齿距公差较大,这使计算挂轮时有较大的灵活性。考虑到热处理对滚刀齿距的影响,铲齿工序要对成品齿距作一些修正,常用的经验公式为</P>
<P align=left><EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>′<FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">998<EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)</P>
<P align=left>式中 <EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>′<FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>——滚刀铲齿工序的轴向齿距<BR> 针对文献[<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>]、[<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>]的不足,提出三种实用计算方法。<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)仅更换一只主动轮<BR> 由式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)、(<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)知:<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>nP</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>,当<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">n</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>时,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.998<EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">12.7</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">998</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>m</EM><SUB>n</SUB></FONT><EM>π</EM>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">cos</FONT><EM>λ</EM>)/<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>。一般单头滚刀<EM>λ</EM>≤<FONT face="Times New Roman">5°</FONT>,故<FONT face="Times New Roman">cos</FONT><EM>λ</EM>≈<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">998</FONT>,即</P>
<P align=left><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_iqaoav2008531164617.gif"></P><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_qkrdf82008531164622.gif"> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)
<P align=left>式中 <FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>m</EM><SUB>n</SUB></FONT>——滚刀法向模数<BR> <EM>λ</EM>——滚刀分圆柱螺纹升角<BR> 式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)表示有三只挂轮是固定不变的,即<FONT face="Times New Roman">95</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">80</FONT>、<FONT face="Times New Roman">96</FONT>,按不同的模数,只要更换一只主动轮即可,其值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT>乘以法向模数值(一般齿轮滚刀标志及图纸上所示<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT></EM>即为<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>m</EM><SUB>n</SUB></FONT>),这样计算十分方便。<BR> 例如加工<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">3mm</FONT>的齿轮滚刀,四个挂轮<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">a</FONT></EM>、<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>、<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">c</FONT></EM>、<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT></EM>中后三者为已知,按式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)可得</P>
<P><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_dtou962008531164647.gif"></P>
<P align=left> 式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)的适用条件为:①单头齿轮滚刀;②铲床用<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>∶<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>的档位。<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)一只被动轮为常数<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>,另一只被动轮可有针对性地选取<BR> 按<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>′<FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>i</SUB></FONT>计算出<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>,再选定一被动轮<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>(机床具备),得到<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>b</EM>×<EM>i</EM></FONT>;取<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>b</EM>×<EM>i</EM></FONT>的前四位数(第五位按四舍五入处理)作为一整数看待,将该整数分解成两主动轮的乘积。这样四个挂轮即全部确定,其中被动轮为人为选定的<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>及常数<FONT face="Times New Roman">100</FONT>。<BR> 如果两个主动轮之积在《整数因子表》中查不到,或分解后的挂轮机床不具备,则可更换原选定的被动轮<FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT>,然后按上述方法重新进行计算,直到满意为止。<BR> 例如在<FONT face="Times New Roman">C8955</FONT>铲齿车床上铲制某滚刀,其<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>′<FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">924mm</FONT>,铲床用<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>∶<FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>档位,则<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>=<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>′<FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">203</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">924</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">203</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">09312921</FONT>;取<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">144</FONT>,则<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>i</EM>×144</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">4070866</FONT>,取前四位整数为<FONT face="Times New Roman">1341</FONT>,对其进行因式分解,而<FONT face="Times New Roman">1341</FONT>在因子表中查不到,故不能用。此时重新选取<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">120</FONT>,则<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>i</EM>×120</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">11.17559055</FONT>,取前四位数得<FONT face="Times New Roman">1118</FONT>,对其进行因式分解得<FONT face="Times New Roman">1118</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">2×13×43</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">26×43</FONT>。据此可写出挂轮如下:<IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_dnigha2008531164724.gif">。经验算,<SUB><IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_nltmiu2008531164738.gif"></SUB>,则Δ<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>′<FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.007</FONT>。在一般情况下,当铲齿工序挂轮误差Δ<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">P</FONT></EM>′<FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>在<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">01mm</FONT>左右即可满足使用要求,现Δ<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>′=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">007mm</FONT>,故此挂轮完全适用。<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)预先确定法<BR> 所用四只挂轮中,有三只系人为预先确定,从预先确定的挂轮可计算出第四只挂轮,并可及时判定第四只挂轮是否适用。此方法不需使用《挂轮比表》、《整数因子表》等资料,但需一只能够贮存公式的袖珍计算器,操作简单,限于篇幅,拟另文介绍。</P>
<P align=left><STRONG> <FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>.铲磨齿工序的螺纹链挂轮计算</STRONG></P>
<P align=left> 该工序为滚刀的精加工工序,加工出的齿距精度即为成品精度,必须符合相应标准的规定,一般均以μ<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>计算。前述铲齿工序所用方法难以达到这种高精度要求,因此,应考虑其它计算方法。<BR> 铲磨齿工序传动比<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>按(<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)式或(<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)式计算。但应注意,由于各台机床性能的差异(有时因操作者不同而出现性能差异),虽然理论上要以<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>来计算挂轮,但实际上往往要对<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>作微量修正,增加或减小若干<EM>μ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>,修正后的<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>值称为特定需要值。例如某机床加工<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>m</EM>4</FONT>滚刀,<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">583</FONT>,按此计算所用挂轮铲磨出的滚刀齿距却不合格,需增大<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT><EM>μ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>,即按<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">585</FONT>计算方能合格,<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">585</FONT>即为特定需要值,大于或小于此数值均不行,只能按<FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">585</FONT>来计算,不能按理论值或其它值计算。<BR> 由于该工序精度要求高,往往会遇到前述“基本方法”中所指出的问题。例如某滚刀特定需要值<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">778mm</FONT>,用<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>∶<FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT>档次求挂轮,要求挂轮所得误差Δ<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT><<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>μ<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>。按式(<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)得传动比<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">203</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">778</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">203.2</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0.08749</FONT>。查《挂轮比表》无此数值,只能用邻近数值替代,即<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">08748</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">58</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">663</FONT>,经验算<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM>x</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">776</FONT>,Δ<EM>Ρ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>=-<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>μ<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>;另一替代表值<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">08750</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">80</FONT>,经验算<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">780</FONT>,Δ<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>=+<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>μ<FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>,两个结果均不符合要求。此时,可用下述方法解决:<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)求传动比<FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT>;<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)人为选定一被动轮<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT></EM>,得<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>′=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>d</EM>×<EM>i</EM></FONT>;<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)按<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>′小数点后的尾数查表得出相对应的分数值为<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT></EM>/<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>(查表时,不必严格对应,可在邻近几行乃至十几行查对,这是本方法的最大优点和特点,查对时选用的分母<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>应是机床具备的挂轮数);<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)由上序得<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>′=整数部分+<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT></EM>/<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>,通分后为<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>′=<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT></EM>/<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>;<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>)查《整数因子表》得出<FONT face="Times New Roman">F</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>a</EM>×<EM>c</EM></FONT>;<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>)写出挂轮:<IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_2n8ggh2008531164754.gif">(<FONT face="Times New Roman">a×c</FONT>为第<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>步确定值,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>为第<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>步确定值,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT></EM>为第<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>步确定值)。<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>)校对精度。<BR> 计算过程中应注意以下问题:①有时按第<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>步查表时无相应数值,此时应重新返回第<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>步,另取一组<FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT>值后再次查表。②如精度仍不能满足要求,或有其它不便时,可返回第<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>步,另选<FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT>值后再进行运算。<BR> 上例按本文提出的方法计算,可得:<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT>)<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">203</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">778</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">203</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">08749</FONT>;<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT>)取<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">d</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">135</FONT>,<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>′=<FONT face="Times New Roman">135×<EM>i</EM></FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">81117</FONT>;<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT>)在《挂轮比表》中查<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">i</FONT></EM>′的尾数<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">81117</FONT>相对应的分数值为<FONT face="Times New Roman">494</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">609</FONT>,因分母<FONT face="Times New Roman">609</FONT>不是机床具备的挂轮数,故不用。于是在邻近表中查找分母是机床具备的挂轮<FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT>的简单数,找到<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">81102</FONT>→<FONT face="Times New Roman">103</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">127</FONT>,故取<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">A</FONT></EM>/<EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">b</FONT></EM>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">103</FONT>/<FONT face="Times New Roman">127</FONT>;<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)于是<IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_3yueu9200853116488.gif"><BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT>)查表得<FONT face="Times New Roman">1500</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">2×2×3×5×5×5</FONT>=<FONT face="Times New Roman">30×50</FONT>(<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>a</EM>×<EM>c</EM></FONT>);<BR> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT>)写出挂轮:<IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_1tydhd2008531164819.gif"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT> (<FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT>)验算:<IMG src="http://www.chmcw.com/upload/news/RCL/13220_m3xjnd2008531164829.gif">,Δ<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>→<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>,符合要求。</P>
<P align=left> <STRONG><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>.小结</STRONG></P>
<P align=left><STRONG> </STRONG>挂轮计算的通用原则是采用“基本方法”,在铲床上加工滚刀时螺纹链的计算则视工序不同而有多种方法。粗加工工序较灵活,运用(<FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT>)式即可满足绝大部分单头齿轮滚刀的计算需要,通常Δ<EM>Ρ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SUB>x</SUB></FONT>为<FONT face="Times New Roman">0</FONT>.<FONT face="Times New Roman">01mm</FONT>左右即可。精加工工序则应计算精确,运用本文所述方法可保证算出任何一组<FONT face="Times New Roman">P<SUB>x</SUB></FONT>(Δ<FONT face="Times New Roman"><EM>P</EM><SUB>x</SUB></FONT><<FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT><EM>μ</EM><FONT face="Times New Roman">m</FONT>)的挂轮,且查表时数值选择范围较大;其中被动轮是人为确定的,计算简单方便,无需复杂的推导过程。</P>
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