技术交流 › 金属材料论坛 › 合金元素对钢的性能影响

HEATS 发表于 2010-9-12 16:36:28

合金元素对钢的性能影响

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<TABLE style="WIDTH: 647px; HEIGHT: 334px" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1>
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<TR>
<TD width=36>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>元素 &nbsp;名称</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=25>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>强</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>度</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>弹</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>性</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>冲击&nbsp; 韧度</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>屈</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>服&nbsp; 点</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>硬</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>度</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>伸</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>长</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>蛊</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>断面</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>收缩</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>率</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>低温</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>韧性</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>高温</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>强度</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>耐</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>磨</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>性</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>被切</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>削性</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>锻</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>压</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>性</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>渗碳 性能</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>渗氮&nbsp; 性能</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>抗氧&nbsp; 化性</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD vAlign=top width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>耐&nbsp; 蚀&nbsp; 性</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>冷却</FONT></DIV>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>速度</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=36>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Mr①</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=25>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>+</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>+</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>0</FONT></DIV></TD>
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<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
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<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Mn②</FONT></DIV></TD>
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<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>+++</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>---</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>-</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=36>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>P</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=25>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>+</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>---</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>+</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>+</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>-</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>-</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>++</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>-</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=31>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>·</FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P>注：“+”表示提高，“一’’表示降低，“O”表示没有影响，“·”表示影响情况尚不清楚，多个“+”或“一”表示提高或降低的强烈程度。</P>
<P>①表示在珠光体<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中；②表示在奥氏体<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中。</P>
<P align=center>表1—38主要<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>合金元素</A>对<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>性能影响的有关说明</P>
<P align=center>
<TABLE style="WIDTH: 646px; HEIGHT: 835px" cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>元素名称</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>对性能主要影响</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Al</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>主要作用为细化晶粒和脱氧，在渗氮<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中能促成渗氮层，含量高时，能提高高温抗氧化性，耐H2s气体的腐蚀作用，固溶强化作用大，提高耐热合金的热强性，有促使石墨化倾向</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>B</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>微量硼能提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性，但随<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中碳含量增加，淬透性的提高逐渐减弱以至完全消失</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>C</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>含量增加，<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的硬度和强度也提高，但塑性和韧性随之下降</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>C0</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>有固溶强化作用，使<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>具有红硬性，提高高温性能、抗氧化和耐腐蚀性，为高温合金及超硬高速<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的重要<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>合金元素</A>，提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的Ms点，降低<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Cr</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性，并有二次硬化作用，增加高碳<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的耐磨性，含量超过12％时，使<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>具有良好的高温抗氧化性和耐氧化性介质腐蚀作用，提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的热强性，是不锈耐酸<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>及耐热<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的主要<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>合金元素</A>，但含量高时易产生脆性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Cu</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>含量低时，作用和镍相似，含量较高时，对热变形加工不利，如超过O．30％时，在热变形加工时导致高温铜脆现象，含量高于O．75％时，经固溶处理和时效后可产生时效强化作用。在低碳合金<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中，特别是与磷同时存在，可提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的抗大气腐蚀性，2％一3％的铜在不锈<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中可提高对硫酸、磷酸及盐酸等的抗腐蚀性及对应力腐蚀的稳定性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Mn</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>降低<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的下临界点，增加奥氏体冷却时的过冷度，细化珠光体组织以改善其力学性能，为低合金<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的重要<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>合金元素</A>，能明显提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性，但有增加晶粒粗化和回火脆性的不利倾向</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Mo</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性，含量0.5％时，能降低回火脆性，有二次硬化作用。提高热强性和蠕变强度，含量2％～3％时，提高抗有机酸及还原性介质腐蚀能力</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>N</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>有不明显的固溶强化及提高淬透性的作用，提高蠕变强度，与<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中其他元素化合，有沉淀硬化作用，表面渗氮，提高硬度及耐磨性，增加抗蚀性，在低碳<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中，残余氮会导致时效脆性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Nb</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>固溶强化作用很明显，提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性(溶于奥氏体时)，增加回火稳定性，有二次硬化作用，提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的强度、冲击韧性，当含量高时(大于碳含量的8倍)，使<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>具有良好的抗氢性能，并提高热强<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的高温性能(蠕变强度等)</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Ni</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>提高塑性及韧性，(提高低温韧性更明显)，改善耐蚀性能，与铬、钼联合使用，提高热强性，是热强<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>及不锈耐酸<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的主要<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>合金元素</A>之一</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>P</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>固溶强化及冷作硬化作用很好，与铜联合使用，提高低合金高强度<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的耐大气腐蚀性能，但降低其冷冲压性能，与硫、锰联合使用，改善切削性，增加回火脆性及冷脆敏感性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Pb</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>改善切削加工性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>RE</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>包括镧系元素及钇和钪等17个元素，有脱气、脱硫和消除其他有害杂质作用，改善<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的铸态组织，O．2％的含量可提高抗氧化性、高温强度及蠕变强度，增加耐蚀性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>S</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>改善切削性。产生热脆现象，恶化<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的质量，硫含量高，对焊接性产生不好影响</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Si</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>常用的脱氧剂，有固熔强化作用，提高电阻率，降低磁滞损耗，改善磁导率，提高淬透性，抗回火性，对改善综合力学性能有利，提高弹性极限，增加自然条件下的耐蚀性。含量较高时，降低焊接性，且易导致冷脆。中碳<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>和高碳<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>易于在回火时产生石墨化</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Ti</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>固溶强化作用强，但降低固溶体的韧性，固溶于奥氏体中提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性，但化合钛却降低<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性。改善回火稳定性，并有二次硬化作用，提高耐热<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的抗氧化性和热强性，如蠕变和持久强度，且改善<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的焊接性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>V</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>固溶于奥氏体中可提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性，但化合状态存在的钒，会降低<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性，增加<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的回火稳定性，并有很强的二次硬化作用，固溶于铁素体中有极强的固溶强化作用。细化晶粒以提高低温冲击韧性，碳化钒是最硬耐磨性最好的金属碳化物，明显提高工具<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的寿命，提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的蠕变和持久强度，钒、碳含量比超过5.7时，可大大提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>抗高温高压氢腐蚀的能力，但会稍微降低高温抗氧化性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>W</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>有二次硬化作用，使<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>具有红硬性，提高耐磨性，对<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的淬透性、回火稳定性、力学性能及热强性的影响均与钼相似，稍微降低<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的抗氧化性</FONT></DIV></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD width=60>
<DIV align=center><FONT size=2>Zr</FONT></DIV></TD>
<TD width=492>
<DIV><FONT size=2>锆在<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>中作用与铌、钛、钒相似，含量小时，有脱氧、净化和细化晶粒的作用，提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的低温韧性，消除时效现象，提高<A href="http://www.wjw.cn/news/ArticleList/0_1_13_54_/Index.html" target=_blank>钢</A>的冲压性能</FONT></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></P>
<P align=left>注：各成分的含量皆指质量分数。</SPAN></P>
               

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